Research Methods (STA630)

1. The ________ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated are both testable and falsifiable.

   1. Independent Variable
   2. Dependent Variable
   3. Experimental Method
   4. Scientific Method

2. In ________ defination, a concept is explained in terms of other concepts.

   1. Operational
   2. Working
   3. Theoretical
   4. None of the given

3. ________ validity indicates that items that are intended to be measured look like they measure the concept.

   1. Content validity
   2. Concurrent validity
   3. Face validity
   4. Construct validity

4. The primary source of communication's means among researchers is

   1. Scholarly Journals
   2. Government Documents
   3. Media reports
   4. None of the given

5. According to scientific method, which of the following is NOT an empirical reality?

   1. Emotions
   2. God's reward for good deeds
   3. Satisfaction
   4. None of the given

6. A sample can be defined as:

   1. The subject on which the measurement is being taken
   2. The total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences
   3. The count of all elements in a population
   4. Some selected elements from a population through which we can draw conclusions about all population

7. Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?

   1. There are reoccurring patterns in the world.
   2. Events happen because of preceding causes.
   3. We can discover solutions to problems of interest.
   4. Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.

8. After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an experiment, he must then develop a(n):

   1. Theory
   2. Conclusion
   3. Hypothesis
   4. Summary of the data

9. Logical process in which we arrive at a reasoned conclusion by logical generalization of known facts is called:

   1. Induction
   2. Deduction
   3. Duplication
   4. Empiricism

10. The details of a reference should include

    1. Full Name of Author/s
    2. Title
    3. Volume, Issuse & page number
    4. All of the given

11. Which of the following is Not helpful in problem definition?

    1. Discussion with professionals
    2. Hypothesis
    3. Literature survey
    4. Preliminary data collection

12. If an interview is conducted with a respondent who does not meet the qualifications for a study, what kind of bias has occurred?

    1. Respondent bias
    2. Position bias
    3. Non-response bias
    4. Instrument bias

13. Scientific research focuses on which of the following:

    1. Objectivity
    2. Subjectivity
    3. Duplication
    4. Intuition

14. Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?

    1. Completion of all questions on a questionnaire
    2. Legible writing
    3. Single responses to all multiple choice questions
    4. Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase interest is high)

15. Which of the following is Not a part of research design?

    1. Data collection technique
    2. Tool of data collection
    3. Objectives of the study
    4. Data processing and analysis

16. Which of the following option can be a reason to conduct research?

    1. To generate theories
    2. Not to argue conflicting studies
    3. To encourage duplicate other's work as it is
    4. To rely on researcher's intuitions

17. Which of the following is NOT an unethical issue?

    1. Breaking respondent confidentiality
    2. Misrepresenting results
    3. Informed consent
    4. Violating nondisclosure agreements

18. Communication is more effective when it is tailored to

    1. General audience
    2. Specific audience
    3. Uninformed audience
    4. Informed audience

19. All of the following are the principles of asking interview questions, EXCEPT:

    1. Ask the question in the order in which they are presented in the questionnaire.
    2. Repeat questions that are misunderstood or misinterpreted.
    3. Read each question rapidly
    4. Ask questions exactly as they are worded in the questionnaire

20. Which of the following in Not a source of Literature review?

    1. Scholarly journals
    2. Experiment
    3. Dissertations
    4. Bibliographical indexes

21. Which of the following can be used to improve the customer’s viewpoint about firm’s products and services?

    1. Experiential innovation
    2. Customer interface
    3. Experiential world of customers
    4. Building experiential platform

22. All of the given options are helpful to develop conceptual definition. EXCEPT:

    1. Everyday understanding of concept
    2. Search in the dictionary
    3. Look into the review of literature
    4. Make elements from dimensions

23. An operational definition is:

    1. One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
    2. An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
    3. A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.
    4. One that refers to opera singers and their work.

24. What is true about Focus group discussions?

    1. 11-12 persons with a moderator for 1-2 hours
    2. 10-15 persons with a moderator for 1-2 hours
    3. 6-12 persons with a moderator for 2-4 hours
    4. 6-12 persons with a moderator for 1-2 hours

25. Companies have the right to dissociate themselves from sponsorship of a research project. This type of confidentiality is called.

    1. Sponsorship nondisclosure
    2. Purpose nondisclosure
    3. Findings nondisclosure
    4. Design nondisclosure

26. In which of the following sampling methods People are available such as volunteer or can be easily recruited?

    1. Simple random sampling
    2. Cluster sampling
    3. Systematic sampling
    4. Convenience sampling

27. To explain, predict and control phenomena are the goals of:

    1. Tradition
    2. Inductive logic
    3. Deductive logic
    4. The scientific method

28. Which of the following is a research method for descriptive and causal research?

    1. All of the given options
    2. Focus group discussion
    3. Case study
    4. Content analysis

29. Plagiarism can be best described as:

    1. Giving credit to the author
    2. Revising the original work done by author
    3. Crediting the other person's work as your own
    4. Working on ideas presented in an article

30. What dose a good literature review look like?

    1. To Organize common findings or arguments together
    2. To logically link statements or findings
    3. To note discrepancies or weaknesses in the present studies
    4. All of the given

31. In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?

    1. It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension.
    2. It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.
    3. It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases.
    4. It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations.

32. One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of:

    1. External validity
    2. Internal reliability
    3. External reliability
    4. Internal validity

33. Which of the following is not a function of clearly identified research questions?

    1. They guide your literature search.
    2. They keep you focused throughout the data collection
    3. They make the scope of your research as vide as
    4. They are linked together to help you construct a coherent argument.

34. A good review of the literature increases a reader's confidence in the researcher's

    1. Professional competence
    2. Ability
    3. Background
    4. All of the given

35. Researcher is supposed to develop a ________ after stating the specific problem to be studies in an experiment:

    1. Theory
    2. Conclusion
    3. Hypothesis
    4. Summary of the data

36. Which of the following best defines the population of study?

    1. The subject on which the measurement is being taken
    2. The total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences
    3. Some selected elements from a population through which we can draw conclusions about all population
    4. None of the given

37. The reviewed litrature must be:

    1. None of the given options
    2. Relevant to the research project
    3. Readily available
    4. Easily accessible

38. The measure which helps the researcher to capture the intensity of a variable is callesd:

    1. Scale
    2. Index
    3. Focus group discussion
    4. interview

39. "Higher the level of job satisfaction, higher will be the employee's performance." Which type of relationship the movement of variables determines?

    1. Inverse relationship
    2. Negative relationship
    3. Positive relationship
    4. Direct relationship

40. ________ explain the logical relationship among the concepts:

    1. Statements
    2. Propositions
    3. Variables
    4. Events

41. Theoretical review helps to

    1. Increase the reader's confidence
    2. Compare how different theories address an issue
    3. Traces the development of an issue over time
    4. Summarizes what is known at a point in time

42. The introduction section of research proposal contains information about all of the following except

    1. Background of the study
    2. Significance of the study
    3. Objectives of the study
    4. Design of the study

43. Which of the following provides a solid foundation for the theoretical framework?

    1. Survey
    2. Literature Review
    3. Experiment
    4. Refrencing

44. All of the following are true about theories, except;

    1. They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.
    2. They are tentative until the facts prove them true.
    3. They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
    4. They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.

45. A researcher study to find out the reasions why students are not cooperating with teachers is an example of

    1. Explanatory Study
    2. Descriptive Study
    3. Exploratory Study
    4. Cohort Study

46. In ________ we collect same type of information from different respondents in different times.

    1. Cohort study
    2. Time series Research
    3. Panel study
    4. Case studies

47. The operational definition is also known as

    1. Working defination
    2. Nominal defination
    3. conceptual defination
    4. Dictionary defination

48. The first step in development of theoretical framework is:

    1. To make an inventory of variables
    2. To specify the direction of relationship
    3. To make an inventory of propositions
    4. To arrange these propositions in a sequential order

49. The following journal article would be an example of ________ research; "The benefits of florescent lighting on production in a factory setting."

    1. Applied
    2. Longitudinal
    3. Base
    4. Evaluation

50. Which of the following refers to the abstract concept?

    1. Height
    2. School
    3. Age
    4. Racism

51. ________ is an abstraction formed by generalizations about a class of objects, attributes or occurrences.

    1. Theory
    2. Concept
    3. Hypothesis
    4. Proposition

52. What course of action should be adopted by the researcher in order to safeguard the rights of respondent?

    1. Researcher should obtain informed consent from the respondent
    2. Researcher should not conceal the identity of the respondent
    3. Researcher can manipulate the respondent's data
    4. Researcher should reveal the information of respondent

53. In conducting a literature review; the researcher:

    1. Finds and reads relevant literature,then writes a review of the literature
    2. Creates a long list of different theories
    3. Creates a long list of different references
    4. All of the given options

54. Which of the following is a type of Applied Research?

    1. Formulative Research
    2. Impact Assessment Research
    3. Cross sectional research
    4. Longitudinal Research

55. Unethical activities may involve:

    1. All of the given options
    2. Misrepresenting result
    3. Breaking respondent confidentiality
    4. Violating nondisclosure agreements

56. Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?

    1. Naturalistic observation
    2. Case study
    3. Laboratory observation
    4. Survey

57. What does a good literature review look like?

    1. To Organize common findings or arguments together
    2. To logically link statements or findings
    3. To note discrepancies or weaknesses in the present studies
    4. All of the given

58. While discussing about ethics in research, which of the following is not considered as a concerned party?

    1. Researcher
    2. Sponsor
    3. Respondent
    4. Government

59. If one variable depends upoun another variable is termed as:

    1. None of the given option
    2. Extranceous
    3. Dependent
    4. Independent

60. The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general indicate;

    1. On the bears no relation to the underlying concept.
    2. An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
    3. The degree of abstraction
    4. An operational definition

61. Operationalization is the method of associating the conceptual defination to a particular set of ________ .

    1. Factors
    2. Veriables
    3. Mesurement thechniques
    4. Categories

62. Rationalism is the application of:

    1. Research solution
    2. logic and arguments
    3. Traditions
    4. Previous findings

63. The "Verifiable" characteristic of scientific research deals with:

    1. All of the given options
    2. The result's confirmation/refutation
    3. The result's repetition
    4. The result's replication

64. Concepts, created and developed for conducting any research study, are:

    1. Meaningful only in the context of the literature review
    2. Relevant to the methodological framework
    3. The building blocks of theory
    4. None of the given

65. Self-study review helps to

    1. Increase the reader's confidence
    2. Place a specific in the big picture
    3. Traces the development of an issue over time
    4. Summarizes what is known at a point in time

66. A variable that modifies the original relationship between independent and dependent variable is known as:

    1. Dependent variable
    2. intervening variable
    3. moderating variable
    4. Independent variable

67. The "Verifiable" characteristic of scientific research deals with all of the following EXCEPT.

    1. The results interpretation
    2. The result's repetition
    3. The result's confirmation/refutation
    4. The result's replication

68. Identify the option that explains that scientific research operates at the abstract level

    1. Reality
    2. Theory
    3. Variable
    4. Construct

69. Adoption of codes of behavior by a group of people is callled

    1. Societal norms
    2. Procedural norms
    3. Operational norms
    4. None of the given

70. Which of the following is Not included in research proposal?

    1. Problem Statement
    2. Research Design
    3. Results
    4. Bibliography

71. A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the characteristic of interest.

    1. Ratio
    2. Nominal
    3. Interval
    4. Dichotomous

72. In the statement "high motivation results in high efficiency" motivation is the:

    1. Independent variable
    2. Dependent variable
    3. Extraneous variable
    4. Causal variable

73. A moderator variable is one that:

    1. All of the given options
    2. Modifies the original relationship
    3. Qualifies the application of a relationship
    4. Makes a relationship meaningless

74. All of the following are types of Applied Research EXCEPT:

    1. Formulative Research
    2. Impact Assessment Research
    3. Evaluation Research
    4. Action Research

75. If one variable causes change in value of another variable is termed as:

    1. None of the given options
    2. Extraneous
    3. Dependent
    4. Independent

76. A ________ is an important term that is likely to be found in the title.

    1. Research question
    2. keyword
    3. abstract
    4. Refrence

77. Research methods are applicable in all of the following domains EXCEPT:

    1. Health care
    2. Business
    3. Government offices
    4. Imaginary worlds

78. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of qualitative data?

    1. Thick, rich descriptions
    2. Unorganized
    3. Voluminous
    4. Concise and succinct

79. A one tailed hypothesis predicts _______.

    1. The future
    2. The lottery result
    3. The frequency of the effect
    4. The direction of the effect

80. An elementary or basic form of research, in which little is known about the situation and previous theories or ideas do not apply, is known as:

    1. Explanatory Study
    2. Descriptive Study
    3. Exploratory Study
    4. Cohort Study

81. The purpose of a literature review is to:

    1. Help you find out what is already known about this area.
    2. Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature
    3. Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study can be located.
    4. All of the given

82. Which of the following is a nominal variable?

    1. Height
    2. Shoe size
    3. Gender
    4. Age

83. While conducting a literature review, the researcher engages in:

    1. An evaluation of the library's location
    2. An evaluation of the library's electronic sources
    3. An evaluation of the litrature
    4. An evaluation of the library

84. One of the major hallmarks of scientific research is:

    1. Objectivity
    2. Intuition
    3. Subjectivity
    4. Instinct

85. In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behavior on empolyee performance' empolyee performance is the:

    1. Independent variable
    2. Dependent variable
    3. Extraneous variable
    4. Casual variable

86. Which of the following provides insight into the complexity of using interviews?

    1. Potential influence of gender or cultural differences between interviewer and interviewee
    2. The accuracy of the interviewee's responses
    3. The different semantic meanings of the language being used
    4. Accuracy, influences and language used

87. The study of research methods provides you with the knowledge and skills you need.

    1. To solve the problem
    2. To improve the decision-making process
    3. To understand the research of others
    4. All of the given options

88. Historical review helps to

    1. Increase the reader's confidence
    2. Place a specific in the big picture
    3. Traces the development of an issue over time
    4. Summarizes what is known at a point in time

89. If a research is going to explore a new topic, he is conducting which of the following Research?

    1. Explanatory
    2. Descriptive
    3. Formulative
    4. None of the given

90. If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:

    1. Inter-rater reliability
    2. Construct validity
    3. Internal validity
    4. Test-retest reliability

91. Data collection techniques includes all except

    1. Survey
    2. Experiment
    3. Data analysis
    4. Obsevation

92. Identify the option that explains the idea that knowledge is verifiable by experience or observation.

    1. Rationalism
    2. Logic
    3. Deductive reasoning
    4. Empiricism

93. In which of the given research designs, same people or group are observed across various time periods?

    1. Panel study
    2. cohort analysis
    3. Action research
    4. Time series research

94. Which of following statement is true?

    1. Theory and Research are dichotomous
    2. Theory and Research are interrelated
    3. There is no difference between Theory and Research
    4. None of the given

95. A Literature review that summarizes what is known at a point in time is known as:

    1. Narative literature review
    2. Systematic literature review
    3. Integrative review
    4. Historical review

96. A concept is a generalized idea about ________ .

    1. A class of objects
    2. Attributes
    3. Occurrences
    4. All of the given

97. If a nominal scale is used, it is permissible to calculate which of the following statistics?

    1. Mean
    2. Range
    3. Percentile
    4. Mode

98. Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?

    1. Unambiguous meanings
    2. Vague meanings
    3. Clear meanings
    4. Dictionary meanings

99. All of the following are the basic research methods of data collection except

    1. Survey
    2. Communication
    3. Descriptive analysis
    4. Experiment

100. The research process consists of different steps ranging from

     1. 5 to 12
     2. 5 to 11
     3. 5 to 13
     4. 5 to 14

101. The "Variable" characteristic of scientific research deals with:

     1. The result's replication
     2. None of the given options
     3. The result's application
     4. The resul's interoretation

102. Null hypothesis states:

     1. Absence of relationship
     2. Existence of relationship
     3. The direction of relationship
     4. Casual relationship

103. What is opposite of a variable?

     1. A concept
     2. A construct
     3. A constant
     4. None of the given

104. Concept is:

     1. Fundamental philosophical frameworks
     2. Important research methodologies
     3. Key idea about any object
     4. Key data gathering methods

105. The purpose of ________ is to convince reviewers that the researcher is capable of conducting the proposed project successfully.

     1. Literature review
     2. Research question
     3. Research project
     4. Research proposal

106. A researcher in his questionnaire asked nature of business respondents are working in; whether trading, manufacturing or servicing. Nature of business is likely to be measured on which type of following scales?

     1. Interval Scale
     2. Ratio scale
     3. Nominal scale
     4. Ordinal scale

107. Skepticism is the norm of

     1. Science
     2. Arts
     3. Humanities
     4. None of the above

108. Abstract is ________.

     1. A detail of a scholarly publication's location
     2. A detailed background of the researchers
     3. A short summary of a scholarly journal article
     4. A detailed provedure to conduct a research

109. The literature review that the researcher writes become the.

     1. Analytical framework for the research project
     2. methodological framework for the research project
     3. Theoretical framework for research project
     4. conceptual framework for the research project

110. The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more

     1. Reliable
     2. Systematic
     3. Accurate
     4. All of the given

111. What is ordinal data?

     1. Ordinary data
     2. Well behaved data
     3. Ranked data
     4. Numbers

112. "Have you ever had or been treated for skin allergy? Yes No" Which type of question it is?

     1. Leading question
     2. Loaded question
     3. Double barreled question
     4. Ambiguous question

113. All of the following are sources of literature review EXCEPT;

     1. Story books
     2. Dissertations
     3. scholarly articles
     4. Scholarly books

114. The essential part in ethics and ethical standards is:

     1. NO one is being harmed by research activities
     2. A good understanding of business
     3. The capacity to produce good research
     4. A good grasp of research methods

115. Hypothesis refers to ________:

     1. The outcome of an experiment
     2. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
     3. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
     4. A tentative ststement about the relationship

116. Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of test?

     1. Unclear test direction
     2. Ambiguous test items
     3. Untaught items
     4. All of the given

117. Measurement of reliability refers to the:

     1. Accuracy of the scores
     2. Consistency of the scores
     3. Dependency of the scores
     4. Comprehensiveness of the scores

118. Dichotomous variables are also Known as ________.

     1. Intervening variables
     2. Nominal variables
     3. Continuous variables
     4. Extraneous variables

119. Which of the following is a concept?

     1. Leadership
     2. Total Quality Management
     3. Human Resource Management
     4. All of the given

120. "High productivity is positively associated with Job commitment" The given hypothesis is a (an).

     1. Descriptive hypothesis
     2. Explanatory hypothesis
     3. Non-Directional hypothesis
     4. Co-relational hypothesis

121. An interval scale contains ________.

     1. More than 3 points
     2. A fixed Zero
     3. A fixed amount of difference between categories
     4. Gaps between categories

122. Which of the following is considered as one of the main parties in a research

     1. The convener
     2. The controller
     3. The researcher
     4. The coordinator

123. The application of the scientific method to the study of business problems is called

     1. Inductive reasoning
     2. None of the given options
     3. Business research
     4. Grounded theory

124. Under which of the following research method is not applicable?

     1. Health care
     2. Business
     3. Government offices
     4. Imaginary worlds

125. Relational hypothesis can be:

     1. All of the given options
     2. causal or simply correlational
     3. positive or negative
     4. Non-directional or directional

126. A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of review?

     1. Integrative reviews
     2. Theoretical reviews
     3. Self-study reviews
     4. Historical reviews

127. Which of the following is a discrete variable?

     1. Age
     2. Nationality
     3. Test score
     4. Income

128. "The extensive use of chocolate causes pimples". The given hypothesis is a (an):

     1. Descriptive hypothesis
     2. Explanatory hypothesis
     3. None-Directional hypothesis
     4. Co-relational hypothesis

129. If, after pilot testing, a researcher finds that some questions are more appealing then purposeful. Which type of the following instrumental errors can it present if not corrected?

     1. Sampling error
     2. Reliability error
     3. Formatting error
     4. Data analysis error

130. With which of the following way the distortion can be produced in self report data?

     1. Lying
     2. Social desirability bias
     3. Faulty memory
     4. All of the given

131. Descriptive and Explanatory Research are the classifications of research on the basis of:

     1. Use of the research
     2. Time dimension
     3. Techniques used
     4. Purpose of the research

132. What does a researcher mean by the term "empirical"?

     1. Duplication of data
     2. Observation through sensory experiences
     3. Scope of applicability of findings in other settings as well
     4. Knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation

133. There are ________ basic research methods for descriptive and causal research

     1. 4
     2. 6
     3. 8
     4. 10

134. What is the most basic skill required by any researcher?

     1. The ability to source data
     2. The ability to generate ideas for research projects
     3. The ability to understand major philosophical issues and ideas
     4. The ability to calculate statistics

135. Any variable that has a limited number of distinct values and which cannot be divided into fractions is known as ________ .

     1. Continuous variable
     2. Discontinuous variable
     3. Exraneous variable
     4. Intervening variable

136. A theory is a coherent set of ________ used as principles of explanations of the apparent relationship of certain observed phenomena.

     1. Disciplines
     2. Propositions
     3. Empirical Realities
     4. None of the given

137. A random sampling technique which chooses elements from subgroups of population for study is called:

     1. Simple random sample
     2. Stratified random sampling
     3. Cluster sampling
     4. Systematic sampling

138. Which of the following is not an example of deception?

     1. A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent
     2. To observe code of ethics
     3. To leak out information regarding any confidential matter
     4. To create ias between respondents before the survey

139. What is the basis of the Scientific Method?

     1. To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
     2. To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
     3. To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
     4. To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.

140. According to Empiricism, which of the following is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge?

     1. Perceptions
     2. Theory
     3. Sensory experience
     4. Logics and arguments

141. A reader can easily see and comprehend the theorized relationships through

     1. Venn diagram
     2. Schematic Diagram
     3. Tree diagram
     4. Pictogram

142. Which of the following is a procedure agreed upon for translation of a concept into measurement of some kind.

     1. Hypothesis
     2. Proposition
     3. Operational definition
     4. None of the given

143. An advantage of computer-assisted telephone interviewing is:

     1. Interviewing time is reduced
     2. Data quality is enhanced
     3. Questionnaires do not have to be coded
     4. There is little opportunity for interviewer bias

144. A researcher can organize a computerized search by

     1. Author name
     2. Article title
     3. Keyword
     4. All of the given

145. Conceptual defination of the varianle is also known as ________ .

     1. Theoretical definition
     2. Operational definition
     3. Working defination
     4. Specific defination

146. Which of the following is NOT a purpose of a literature review?

     1. Helps you find out what is already known about this area.
     2. Helps you in getting response from the respondents
     3. Helps you in developing theoretical framework.
     4. Helps you to learn from others and stimulate new ideas.

147. Census is better option than sampling in which of the following cases?

     1. When physical material is to be destroyed in study
     2. When population is highly variable
     3. When budget constraints are there
     4. When researcher wants speedy data collection

148. A literature review requires;

     1. planning
     2. clear writing
     3. good writing
     4. All of the given

149. Which of the following best describes an operational definition?

     1. It specifies measurement criteria
     2. It specifies testing criteria
     3. It gives meanings to a concept
     4. All of the given

150. Which of the following is not an unethical issue?

     1. Invoicing irregularities
     2. Avoiding legal liability
     3. Misrepresenting results
     4. None of the given

151. Which of the following best defines the census for study?

     1. The subject on which the measurement is being taken
     2. The count of all elements in a population
     3. Some selected elements from a population through which we can draw conclusions about all population
     4. None of the given

152. Specifically a theoretical framework serves the purpose of:

     1. All of the given options
     2. Describes the nature and direction of the relationships
     3. Explains the logic underlying these relationships
     4. Elaborates the relationships among the variables

153. The total number of types of the literature review are

     1. 4
     2. 5
     3. 6
     4. 7

154. Mr. Haris is interested in studying the shared beliefs and practices of the teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?

     1. Basic research
     2. Longitudinal research
     3. Descriptive research
     4. None of the given

155. Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of ________.

     1. Descriptive research
     2. Explananory research
     3. Exploratory research
     4. All of the given

156. How different theories address an issue comes under:

     1. Self-study review
     2. Context review
     3. Historical review
     4. Theoretical review

157. Which of the following are considered essential steps of the research process

     1. Problem Statement
     2. Theoretical Framework
     3. Research Design
     4. All of the given

158. Which of the following is Not a Literature review?

     1. Scholarly journals
     2. Experiment
     3. Dissertations
     4. Bibliographical indexes

159. Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"

     1. The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
     2. The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
     3. The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.
     4. The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.

160. Why do you need to review the existing litrature?

     1. All of the given options
     2. To meet the requirement of word -count
     3. To find out what is already known about our area of interest
     4. To make a good impression

161. ________ veriable takes infinite number of values:

     1. Continuous
     2. Discontinuous
     3. Independent
     4. Dependent

162. Problem statement is a ________ statement of the question or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding an answer or solution

     1. Clear
     2. Precise
     3. Succinct
     4. All of the given

163. "How much time is needed to locate the respondents?" is a part of ________ aspect which needs to be evaluated during pilot testing.

     1. Reactions of Respondents
     2. Discovering errors in the instrument
     3. Sampling procedure can be checked
     4. Staffing and activities of research team can be checked

164. What research is?

     1. A lab experiment
     2. A report
     3. A systematic Enquiry
     4. A survey

165. Which of the following types of processes, research falls in?

     1. None of the given options
     2. A process to make new medicines
     3. A process to invert the machines
     4. A process to discover the truth

166. Which of the following next step is performed by the researcher after developing the inventory of the relevant variables?

     1. All of the given options
     2. Identity the relationships between the variables
     3. Make inventory of the propositions
     4. Provide logic for the relationships

167. Which of the following can be the best possible reason for using a scientific method to make a decision?

     1. It provides systematic inquary into the matter
     2. It helps to make decision randomly
     3. It starts each study from the search
     4. it helps researchers to make decision based on common sense

168. The validity of measure refers to the:

     1. Particular type of construct specification
     2. Comprehensiveness with which it measures the construct
     3. Accuracy with which it means the construct
     4. Consistancy of the measurement

169. Descriptive research can be either

     1. Qualitative
     2. Quantitative
     3. Both Qualitative and Quantitative
     4. None of the given

170. Apart from that deception is unethical, what is the other important disadvantage of deceiving people?

     1. It increases the reponse rate
     2. It can damage the professional reputation of researcher
     3. It can damage the anonymity of respondents
     4. All of the given

171. Which of the following is not a data collection method?

     1. Questionnaires
     2. Focus groups
     3. Correlational method
     4. Secondary data

172. Which of the following is at the highest level of abstraction?

     1. Concept
     2. Proposition
     3. Theory
     4. Hypothesis

173. Which of the following best describes an operational defination?

     1. All of the given options
     2. It specifies mesurement criteria
     3. It soecifies testing criteria
     4. It gives meanings to a concept

174. ________ is an example of concrete concept.

     1. Racism
     2. Political power
     3. Family dissolution
     4. age

175. The researcher protects the confidentiality in following ways, Except;

     1. Obtaining signed nondisclosure documents
     2. Restricting access to data instruments where the respondent is identified.
     3. Disclosure of data subsets
     4. Restricting access to respondent identification

176. Another name of conceptual definition is:

     1. Theoretical definition
     2. Operational definition
     3. Empirical definition
     4. Ambiguous defination

177. The arrangement of steps involved in operational defination of a concept is

     1. Concept, Dimensions, Elements, Statement
     2. Concept, Statement, Elements, Dimension
     3. Concept, Statement, Dimension, Elements
     4. Statement, Dimension, Elements, Concept

178. ________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.

     1. Unambiguous
     2. Vague
     3. Clear
     4. Dictionary

179. The "Veriable" characteristic of scientific research deals with

     1. The results replication
     2. None of the given options
     3. The Results application
     4. The results interpretation

180. Which of the following best describes the concept of operationalizing?

     1. Operationalizing concepts involves making concepts measurable
     2. Operationalizing is the same as makind concepts valid
     3. Operationalizing concepts means making them more like machines
     4. Operationalizing concepts is mainly an issue for the physical science, not for comparative polities.

181. The independent variable is;

     1. The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects
     2. The variable that is measured
     3. The free spirited variable
     4. A confounding variable

182. Concepts represent various degree of ________.

     1. Specification
     2. Abstraction
     3. Calculation
     4. Formulation

183. Which of the following activities is Not included in debriefing?

     1. Explanation of any deception
     2. Post study result sharing
     3. Obtaining informed consent
     4. Description of the purpose of study

184. ________ gives generic idea and not able to measure anything directly, whereas _______ is practical level where researchers make theoretical realities measureable.

     1. Abstract level, abstract level
     2. Empirical level, abstract level
     3. Empirical level, empirical level
     4. Abstract level, empirical level

185. The most critical areas of an article to read is;

     1. Results section
     2. Introduction
     3. Abstract
     4. Limitations

186. Which of the following is a form of harm that might be suffered by research participants?

     1. Physical injury
     2. Stress
     3. Anxiety
     4. All of the given

187. What is the first step in the research process?

     1. Preliminary data collection
     2. Problem defination
     3. Theoretical framework
     4. Define broad problem area

188. Which one of the following aspect needs to be evaluated during "Pilot Testing"?

     1. Reactions of Respondents
     2. Discovering errors in the instrument
     3. Sampling procedure can be checked
     4. All of the given

189. Hypothesis is also called:

     1. Testable proposition
     2. Staments
     3. Theoretical framework
     4. Research objective

190. Qualitative and Quantitative Research are the classifications of research on the basis of

     1. Use of the research
     2. Time dimension
     3. Techniques used
     4. Purpose of the research

191. A variable that appears between independent and dependent variable and shows the link or mechanism between them is known as:

     1. Dependent variable
     2. intervening variable
     3. moderating variable
     4. Independent variable

192. Which of the following is/are the common source of literrature review

     1. Scholarly journals
     2. Books
     3. Dissertations
     4. All of the given

193. ________ is not a form of measurement validity

     1. concurrent validity
     2. Face validity
     3. Conductive validity
     4. Convergent validity

194. "There is no relationship between advertising and sales of product A "The given hypothesis is a(an):

     1. Descriptive hypothesis
     2. Correlational hypothesis
     3. Null hypothesis
     4. Alternative hypothesis

195. A researcher wants to study the impact of average hour of study in a week on CGPA of MBA students in virtual university of Pakistan. He focused on specifically the students specialized in finance. The total number of MBA (finance) students in VU is an example of which of the following?

     1. Sample
     2. Element
     3. Population
     4. Target population

196. When constructing a questionnaire, it is imperative to do each of the following EXCEPT ________.

     1. Use "leading" or "loaded" questions
     2. Use natural language
     3. Understand your research participants
     4. Pilot your test questionnaire

197. What is a cross-sectional research?

     1. A study of one particular section of society
     2. A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time
     3. The collection of data from more one case at one moment in time
     4. One that is conducted when environment is uncertain

198. Literature review helps the researchers to ________ the finding of the other people's research

     1. Learn
     2. Compare
     3. Replicate
     4. All of the given options

199. Which of the following best describes the Ethics?

     1. None of the given options
     2. The basis of criminal code
     3. Rules governing dociety
     4. A process of reasoning that guides moral choices

200. ________ concspt like people's subjective feelings, ideology, deviance and perceptions are measure in research.

     1. Empirical
     2. Tangible
     3. intagible
     4. Objective

201. Which of the following statements is true?

     1. All concepts are variables and all variables are concepts
     2. All variables are concepts but all concepts are not variable
     3. All concepts are variables but all variables are not concepts
     4. None of the given

202. Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?

     1. Trend study
     2. One shot study
     3. Panel study
     4. Cohort study

203. Before a researcher specified the relationship among variables, he must have a (an):

     1. Inventory of varianles
     2. Inventory of propositions
     3. Arrangement of propositions
     4. Schematic diagram

204. Which of the following is search strategy for locating litrature review for a research project?

     1. All of the given options
     2. Dissertations
     3. scholarly articles
     4. Scholarly books

205. A study conducted by Pepsi to find out "Impact of salary on employees' turnover" is studied at what level:

     1. Micro level
     2. Macro level
     3. Broad level
     4. Societal level

206. Which of the following is Not a technique to narrow down the broad problem area?

     1. Doing a literature survey
     2. Ask questions from the knowledgeable persons
     3. Consider topic in specific context
     4. Decide about the sample

Select a course code for Objective Questions:

ACC311 ACC501 BIF101 BIF401 BIF501 BIO101 BIO201 BIO202 BIO203 BIO204 BIO301 BIO302 BIO303 BIO401 BIO503 BNK603 BT101 BT201 BT301 BT302 BT401 BT402 BT403 BT404 BT405 BT406 BT501 BT504 BT505 BT604 CHE201 CHE301 CS001 CS101 CS201 CS202 CS204 CS301 CS302 CS304 CS311 CS401 CS402 CS403 CS408 CS501 CS502 CS504 CS506 CS508 CS601 CS602 CS604 CS605 CS607 CS609 CS610 CS614 CS707 CS710 ECO401 ECO402 ECO403 ECO404 EDU302 EDU401 EDU402 EDU501 EDU601 ENG101 ENG201 ENG301 ENG501 FIN611 FIN624 FIN625 ISL201 IT430 MCM101 MCM301 MGMT623 MGT101 MGT211 MGT301 MGT401 MGT402 MGT501 MGT502 MGT503 MGT510 MGT601 MGT603 MKT501 MKT610 MKT630 MTH101 MTH202 MTH302 MTH501 MTH601 MTH634 PAK301 PHY101 PHY301 PSY101 PSY403 PSY502 PSY512 SOC101 SOC301 SOC401 STA301 STA630 STA641 ZOO102 ZOO401 ZOO501 ZOO502 ZOO503 ZOO504 ZOO505 ZOO506 ZOO510 ZOO630

Select a course code for Subjective Questions:

ACC311 CS001 CS101 CS201 CS301 CS607 CS701 CS702 CS703 CS704 CS707 CS708 CS710 CS711 CS718 CS721 CS724 ECO401 ECO403 ENG101 ENG301 MGT703 MTH501 STA301