Passes of a Compiler. Lexical Analysis, Specification of Tokens, Recognition of Tokens, Top-down Parsing, Predictive Parsing, Recursive Descent Parsing, LL Parsing, LL Pasing Table Construction, Left Factoring, Bottom-up Parsing, Shift-Reduce Parsing, LR(1) Parsing, LR(1) Canonical Collection of Items, LR(1) Parsing, Shift-Reduce Conflicts, LALR Parsing, Parser Generators – YACC, Sematic Analysis, Attribute Grammars, Ad-hoc scheme for attribute grammars, Intermediate Representation (IR), Intermediate Representation taxonomy, Syntax-directed translation: assignment statement, Code Generation, Code Optimization